Sea Shepherd Conservation Society

Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.png
Logo
SSCS Flag.jpg
Flag
Founders Paul Watson
Type 501(c)(3)
Founded 1977 in Oregon, USA
Location

Friday Harbor, Washington, USA

Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Area served Global
Focus Marine conservation
Method Direct action
Website seashepherd.org

The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) is a non-profit, marine conservation organization based in Friday Harbor, Washington in the United States. The group uses direct action tactics to protect sealife. Sea Shepherd currently operates the vessels MY Steve Irwin and the Bob Barker, and most of the group's activities take place in international waters. The group has a strong focus on public relations to spread their message via the media.

The organization was founded in 1977 under the name Earth Force Society by Paul Watson, an early member of Greenpeace, after a dispute with that organization over what Watson saw as its lack of more aggressive intervention.[1] It has received support for its tactics against fishing, whaling, and seal hunting from quarters such as media personalities, while critics have called the direct action violent.[2][3]

Operations have included scuttling and disabling whaling vessels at harbor, intervening in Canadian seal hunts, ramming other vessels, trying to temporarily blind or disorient whalers with a laser device,[4][5] throwing bottles of foul-smelling butyric acid onto vessels at sea,[5] boarding of whaling vessels while at sea, and seizure and destruction of drift nets at sea. Sea Shepherd claims that their aggressive actions are necessary as the international community has shown itself unwilling or unable to stop species-endangering whaling and fishing practices.[6] Some governments and organizations have referred to them as terrorists.[7]

In 2008, Animal Planet began filming the weekly series Whale Wars based on the group's encounters with the Japanese whaling fleet in the Southern Ocean, a development which brought the group much publicity.

Contents

History

The predecessor organization of Sea Shepherd, the "Earth Force Society", was formed in 1977, after its founder, Paul Watson was ousted from the board of Greenpeace for disagreements over his direct action activism which clashed with their pacifist ethos.[8] Watson soon left Greenpeace. Initially without funding and with only a small group of supporters, in 1978 Watson managed to convince Cleveland Amory, head of the British Fund for Animals to fund Watson's first vessel, the Sea Shepherd.[6]

The first direct action undertaken by Sea Shepherd was against Canadian seal hunting in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in March 1979.[9][10] Also in 1979, the group made headlines when they rammed a whaling vessel for the first time.[11] Such acts continued with Sea Shepherd claiming responsibility for damaging or sinking multiple whaling vessels through sabotage or ramming. The group has attempted to intervene against Russian, Spanish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Makah, Faroese, and Japanese whalers in multiple campaigns around the globe.[1][6] Setting a pattern that the group would keep up in later years, the group managed to scuttle a Portuguese whaling vessel, though the first Sea Shepherd was impounded and lost. Watson describes that he used the money gained from selling the story rights to fund his next vessel.[6]

After having spent the 1980s undertaking a variety of controversial and dangerous operations in support of various marine conservation aims, in the 1990s the group has been described as having undertaken a shift in their public attitude.[6] Having previously argued primarily from an ethical viewpoint, from the 1990s, Watson's group now also started ascribing themselves law enforcement powers, using ill-defined or self-interpreted maritime and conservation law to describe themselves as an anti-poaching agency.[6][12] In some cases in the 2000s, they cooperated with official government efforts against maritime poaching, such as in Costa Rican waters, though the agreements often did not last long before conflict ensued.[13]

Organization

A wildlife advocate during an education session on board RV Farley Mowat.

Sea Shepherd is a non-government environmental organization and in the United States has a 501(c)(3) tax exempt status. 80.8% of the organization's revenue are spent on its programs, while 8.9% of revenue is spent on administrative costs.[14] Sea Shepherd is supported by private and corporate donations, lectures by Paul Watson, internet advertising,[6] and grants. The group is operated by volunteers and a small paid staff.[6] Watson says that he is committed to keeping his organization small and does not believe in spending money on fund-raising or recruitment.[6] (though the group does fund-raise online and has received funds through a number of cooperation/donation agreements from other companies or organizations).

Sea Shepherd is governed by a board of directors. Currently there are six directors, including Watson. The organization has several boards of advisers, each addressing a particular area of expertise. These are the Scientific, Technical, and Conservation Advisory Board, which has 13 members including Earth First! founder Dave Foreman and Horst Klienschmidt, a former (2006) Deputy-Chair of the International Whaling Commission; the Financial and Management Advisory Board, with three members; the Legal and Law Enforcement Advisory Board, with two members including Ian Campbell, a former Australian Minister of the Environment and Heritage (2004-07) whom whaling groups had previously accused of having inappropriate and close ties with the organization;[15][16] the Animal Welfare, Humane and Animal Rights Advisory Board, with seven members including animal rights philosopher Tom Regan; the Media and Arts Advisory Board, with 15 members including Sean Penn and Martin Sheen; and a Photography Advisory Board with two members.[17]

Activism

A tally on the side of the Farley Mowat, showing ships that Sea Shepherd has claimed responsibility for sinking.

Sea Shepherd engages in conventional protests and direct actions to protect marine wildlife. Sea Shepherd operations have included interdiction against commercial fishing, shark poaching and finning, seal hunting, and whaling.[1][18] The group has been active in intervening against fishing and poaching in the South Pacific, the Mediterranean, and in waters around the Galapagos islands.

According to its mission statement, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society "uses innovative direct-action tactics to investigate, document, and take action when necessary to expose and confront illegal activities on the high seas".[19] Those actions have included scuttling and disabling commercial whaling vessels at harbor, ramming other vessels, throwing glass bottles of butyric acid on the decks of vessels at sea, boarding of whaling vessels while at sea, and seizure and destruction of drift nets at sea. As of 2009, Paul Watson has said that the organization has sunk ten whaling ships while also destroying millions of dollars worth of equipment.[20] Their practice of attacking and sinking other ships has led to reports of injuries to other sailors as well as the Sea Shepherd crew, including concussions and complications from chemical attacks.[21][22]

Watson considers the actions of Sea Shepherd to be against criminal operations and has called the group an anti-poaching organization.[12]Critics claim that Sea Shepherd's actions constitute violations of international law,[23] while Watson has stated that Sea Shepherd believes that their actions constitute an attempt to enforce international conservation laws and international maritime law under the World Charter for Nature adopted by the United Nations .[24][25] Australia has declared Japan's hunt in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary to be illegal, federal court judge Jim Allsop has stated "there is no practical mechanism by which orders of this court can be enforced."[26] The lack of official enforcement mechanisms in that law prompted the Society to adopt, without official sanction, what it sees as a law enforcement mission. A 2008 academic paper by researchers at Monash University concluded that the group "may be best categorized as a vigilante group, because they say they are seeking to enforce a legal status quo because of states' and the international community's inabilities or unwillingness to do so."[27]

Watson left Greenpeace in 1977 after being expelled from the board of directors due to his confrontational methods.[28] Since then, Greenpeace has criticized Sea Shepherd for the group's tactics,[29] particularly regarding its interaction with whaling ships while at sea. The rival environmental group maintains Sea Shepherd is a violent organization whose tactics may endanger the lives of fishermen and whalers.[30][31] Greenpeace has called Watson a violent extremist and will no longer comment on his activities.[32] Greenpeace is also critical of the group on its website and state: "By making it easy to paint anti-whaling forces as dangerous, piratical terrorists, Sea Shepherd could undermine the forces within Japan which could actually bring whaling to an end".[33] Both groups protest the Japanese whale hunts in the Southern Ocean but Greenpeace has a policy to not assist Sea Shepherd in finding the whalers. In his 2009 book, Whaling in Japan, Jun Morikawa states that Sea Shepherd's confrontational tactics have actually strengthened Japan's resolve to continue with its whaling program. According to Morikawa, Sea Shepherd's activities against Japan's whaling ships have allowed the Japanese government to rally domestic support for the program from Japanese who were otherwise ambivalent about the practice of hunting and eating whales.[34]

Sea Shepherd has been criticized and sometimes physically attacked by people in several of the countries they protest against. In November 1988, Makah seized an inflatable boat belonging to the group and threw rocks at the Sea Shepherd's Sirenian in response to protests over their whale hunt.[35] In March 1995, a mob of Canadian seal hunters stormed the hotel where members were staying. They fled while the mob ransacked their room.[36] In 2005, Sea Shepherd crew were confronted by a threatening group of sealers while on the ice.[37] In 2008, fishermen in the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon cut the mooring lines of the Farley Mowat after hearing Watson make disparaging comments about the deaths of four seal hunters.[38] In February 2010, pro-whaling demonstrators gathered outside the Australian Embassy in Tokyo to protest the group. A political activist said that Sea Shepherd's actions were "absolutely racial discrimination against Japanese people."[39]

Public relations

The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society has received attention from the press and been called "media savvy".[1][40] The group has worked with journalists and has made statements through press releases to spread its message during various campaigns.[41][42]

Watson's public relations savvy is shown in an episode of Whale Wars when he creates an international media "storm" after two crewmembers are detained on a Japanese whaling vessel after illegally boarding their ship.[43][44][45] In his book, Earthforce!, Watson advises readers to make up facts and figures when they need to, and to deliver them to reporters confidently.[6] He also states that the "truth is irrelevant" due to the nature of mass media.[46] In response to criticism that he manipulates the media, Watson has stated: "What we do is provide the media with the kind of stories they can't resist... and this is how we bring attention to what's happening to the whales, the seals, the sharks and the other marine conservation campaigns we're involved in."[32]

Sea Shepherd has also used satellite uplinks, webcams, and internet blogging during its operations in the Southern Ocean, and has invited the media to ride along.[47] In 2006, representatives from Seven network and National Geographic magazine, along with documentary filmmakers, accompanied the group.[1] In a television series entitled Whale Wars, Discovery Communications, Inc. documented Sea Shepherd's 2008-2009 Antarctic campaign against Japanese whalers, following events on the Steve Irwin.[32] The program premiered on November 7, 2008, on Discovery's Animal Planet network..

Sea Shepherd has received financial contributions from celebrities and businessmen such as entrepreneur Steve Wynn, television personality Bob Barker, and John Paul DeJoria, as well as other celebrities.[6][12][6] Martin Sheen, Darryl Hannah, and Richard Dean Anderson have joined the group during protests. Actors including Edward Norton, Pierce Brosnan, Christian Bale, and Emily Deschanel have supported the group through contributions,[32] while William Shatner has also been mentioned as supporting the group[48] In 2007, actor Heath Ledger conceived and directed a music video of a Modest Mouse song, 'King Rat,' intended to raise awareness of the whale hunts taking place each year off the coast of his native Australia. Although Ledger died before the video could be completed, others finished it in his honor and debuted the video online in August 2009. Proceeds from iTunes sales of the video in its first month of release were donated to Sea Shepherd.[49][50]

From the music industry, Anthony Kiedis of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Leona Lewis, Rick Rubin, and the group The Red Paintings have financially supported Sea Shepherd.[12] In 2009, professional surfer Kelly Slater joined a Quicksilver Australia/Sea Shepherd partnership featuring a fundraising clothing line, including board shorts designed by Slater.[51]

The Lush cosmetics company joined with Sea Shepherd to raise awareness about the practice of shark finning in 2008. Lush produced 'Shark Fin Soap' (punning on 'shark fin soup'); all sale proceeds were directed to Sea Shepherd.[52] To launch the soap and awareness campaign a performance artist suspended herself, using hooks in her flesh, in a Lush shopfront window in London.[53]

Governmental response

In testimony on "The Threat of Eco-Terrorism" given to the a US congressional subcommittee in 2002, Sea Shepherd was the first group mentioned by an FBI official for having attacked commercial fishing operations by cutting drift nets.[54] An earlier Canadian intelligence report on "Single Issue Terrorism" stated that "Watson and his supporters have been involved in a number of militant actions against whale hunting, driftnet fishing, seal hunting and other related issues" and mentions "activities against logging operations in Canada".[55] The group has been accused of eco-terrorism by the Japanese government.[32] Due to the 2008 operations against Canadian seal hunters, Danny Williams, Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador, called Watson a terrorist and said that Sea Shepherd was not welcome in the province.[56]

Sea Shepherd has based many of its operations out of Australia with foreign crew members being able to travel in and out of the country on tourist visas.[57] Tasmanian Greens and the Greens Senator Bob Brown, have endorsed and supported the Society in various ways, including advocacy within the Australian government and public endorsement of the group.[58] When the Steve Irwin returned to Hobart in February 2009, Australian Federal Police seized film footage and the ship's logs, reportedly prompted by complaints from Japan.[59][60] Brown demanded that the Australian Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, order their immediate return, but a spokesman for the Home Affairs Minister said it was a federal police matter.[61]

In October 2009, The Australian Immigration Department ruled that Watson and his First Officer, Peter Hammarstedt, must satisfy new good-character requirements to obtain business visas, requiring them to provide police references from the governments of the United States, Canada and Norway. Watson criticized what he considered a submission to Japanese pressure by the Rudd government.[57] The Australian government responded by rejecting the idea that it was in some way delaying Watson, and on October 20, 2009 issued visas to Watson and Hammarstedt.[62]

Paul Watson said to Discovery Channel the Dalai Lama sent a letter of support for Sea Shepherd's volunteers accompanied by a wrathful, scowling statue of the deity Hayagriva,[32] which expresses compassion and determination in overcoming obstacles. In 2010 during a visit to Japan, the Dalai Lama said that while he agrees with the goal of stopping Japan from hunting whales, they should stop using violent methods to achieve that goal.[63]

The ships of the fleet have flown the flags of different nations and the opinion of several governments that the vessels are engaged in inappropriate activities has several times led to registration issues for Sea Shepherd vessels.[64][65] Canada, Belize and Togo have revoked the registrations of various vessels and the Netherlands have in the past considered revoking the registration of ships registered under their flag as well.[66][67][68]

Vessels

A variation of the flag used by the group.

Sea Shepherd refer to the ships it has operated as Neptune's Navy. As of mid 2010, the society operates three ships, the MV Steve Irwin,the Golfo Azzurro, and the Bob Barker as well as smaller vessels such as RHIBs.[69][70]

The Steve Irwin was obtained in 2007 and originally called the Robert Hunter. It was renamed in honor of Australian Steve Irwin ("The Crocodile Hunter").[71] Terri Irwin, his widow, gave her support to Sea Shepherd, saying, "Whales have always been in Steve's heart and in 2006 he was investigating the possibility of joining the Sea Shepherd on part of its journey to defend these beautiful animals."[72] The other ship, the 1200 ton Bob Barker, was named after famous television game-show host and animal activist Bob Barker, who made the purchase in Ghana of the retired Norwegian whaling vessel possible with a donation of US$5 million.[73] In February 2010, the Bob Barker collided with the Japanese whaling vessel Yushin Maru No. 3, tearing a gash in the hull of the Bob Barker.[74] The Golfo Azzurro is a former North Sea trawler fishing ship that was recently acquired and first used to observe whale hunting in the Faroe islands. [75]

The group also formerly operated the Farley Mowat (impounded by the Canadian government, with Sea Shepherd having stated that they have no intention of paying the legal fines and berthage fees to recover their now obsolete vessel) and the Ady Gil, formerly known as the Earthrace (sunk after a collision with a Japanese whaling vessel in early 2010) as well as a number of earlier vessels.

Books written by members

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Heller, Peter (2006-05). "The Whale Warriors: Whaling in the Antarctic Seas". National Geographic Adventure. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0605/features/whales.html. Retrieved 2007-02-10. 
  2. ↑ Campbell, Marlo (2008-05-01). "Not going down without a fight". Uptown. http://www.uptownmag.com/2008-05-01/page2167.aspx. 
  3. ↑ Parry, Lloyd (2007-02-09). "Whalers aid in Antarctic rescue of environmentalists". London: Times Online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1358479.ece. Retrieved 2009-06-08. 
  4. ↑ "Whaling Protesters Pioneer Non-lethal Warfare". Wired. 2010-01-15. http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2010/01/whaling-protesters-pioneer-non-lethal-warfare/. Retrieved 2010-01-16. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hardline warrior in war to save the whale - The New Zealand Herald, Monday 11 January 2010
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 Khatchadourian, Raffi (2007-11-05). "Neptune’s Navy". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/11/05/071105fa_fact_khatchadourian. Retrieved 30 June 2010. 
  7. ↑ Douglass F. Rohrman (2004). "Environmental Terrorism". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2 (6): 332. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0332:ET]2.0.CO;2. 
  8. ↑ Vidal, John (2006-01-02). "Greenpeace fights sea battle with rival anti-whaling ship". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2006/jan/02/whaling.activists. Retrieved 2010-05-01. 
  9. ↑ "Environmentalists Jailed After Painting Baby Seals Red". Ocala Star-Banner: p. 2A. 11 March 1979. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1iwTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ugUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5044,2964856&dq=sea-shepherd. 
  10. ↑ "Seal-hunt protesters fear more trouble". The Spokesman-Review: p. 3. 12 March 1979. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=78kRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8O0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7152,6911778&dq=sea-shepherd. 
  11. ↑ The Age Conservationist Admits Ramming 'Whaler' Accessed 090731
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Le Montre, Darrah (2009-06-09). "Whale Wars’ Sea Shepherd Nets Anthony Kiedis and Rick Rubin’s Support". Hollywood Today. http://www.hollywoodtoday.net/2009/06/09/whale-wars-sea-shepherd-nets-anthony-kiedis-and-rick-rubins-support/. Retrieved 2009-07-30. 
  13. ↑ Manami Okazaki (February 9, 2010). "Watson to whalers: We will never surrender". The Japan Times: p. 12. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20100209zg.html. 
  14. ↑ "Charity Navigator Rating – Sea Shepherd Conservation Society". Charity Navigator.org. http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=5784. Retrieved 2009-07-26. 
  15. ↑ Perpitch, Nicolas (2006-12-15). "Minister denies supporting eco-terrorism". Perth Now. http://www.news.com.au/perthnow/story/0,21598,20932149-5005361,00.html. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 
  16. ↑ "Japanese whalers attack Campbell's links". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australian Associated Press. 2006-12-15. http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Japanese-whalers-attack-Campbells-links/2006/12/15/1165685868434.html. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  17. ↑ "Who We Are". Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 
  18. ↑ Larter, Paul (2008-02-08). "Australia condemns bloody killing of whale and calf by Japanese fleet". London: Times Newspapers Ltd.. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3325580.ece. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  19. ↑ "Sea Shepherd – Who We Are". Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/. Retrieved 2009-07-29. 
  20. ↑ Woodham, Kerre (January 10, 2010). "Lucky ocean crash". The New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10619295. Retrieved June 5, 2010. 
  21. ↑ "Whaling acid attack terrorist act: Japan". The Sydney Morning Herald. Reuters. 2007-02-09. http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Whaling-acid-attack-terrorist-act-Japan/2007/02/09/1170524300133.html. Retrieved 2007-02-11. 
  22. ↑ Darby, Andrew (2008-03-03). "Sea Shepherd activists attack Japanese whaler". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/news/whale-watch/sea-shepherd-activists-attack-japanese-whaler/2008/03/03/1204402325470.html. Retrieved 2009-06-04. 
  23. ↑ Biggs, Stuart (2008-03-04). "Japan Summons Australian, Dutch Ambassadors Over Whaling Clash". Bloomberg News. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aEoBPqiTHEgg&refer=japan. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  24. ↑ Campbell, Duncan (2002-06-03). "Champion of seas faces attempted murder case". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2002/jun/03/fish.food. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  25. ↑ Vidal, John (2 January 2006). "Greenpeace fights sea battle with rival anti-whaling ship" (HTML). London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2006/jan/02/whaling.activists. Retrieved 8 June 2009. 
  26. ↑ Young, Emma (15 January 2008). "Australia rules Japanese whaling illegal" (HTML). New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13185-australia-rules-japanese-whaling-illegal.html. Retrieved 8 June 2009. 
  27. ↑ Nagtzaam, Gerry; Lentini, Pete (2008-01). "Vigilantes on the High Seas?: The Sea Shepherds and Political Violence". Terrorism and Political Violence 20 (1): 110–133. doi:10.1080/09546550701723658. ISSN 0954-6553. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/279937011-9747435/content~db=all~content=a789728401. 
  28. ↑ Summers, Chris (2002-04-30). "Spotlight on Greenpeace rebel". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1938213.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  29. ↑ Vidal, John (2006-01-02). "Greenpeace fights sea battle with rival anti-whaling ship". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2006/jan/02/whaling.activists. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  30. ↑ McKie, Robin (2008-01-13). "Green ships in deadly duel with whalers". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jan/13/whaling.antarctica. Retrieved 2009-06-11. 
  31. ↑ Fraser, Doug (2008-04-09). "Cape man fights whalers". Cape Cod Times. http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080409/NEWS/804090347. Retrieved 2009-06-11. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 "Paul Watson: Sea Shepherd eco-warrior fighting to stop whaling and seal hunts". London: Telegraph.co.uk. 2009-04-17. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/5166346/Paul-Watson-Sea-Shepherd-eco-warrior-fighting-to-stop-whaling-and-seal-hunts.html. Retrieved 2009-07-15. 
  33. ↑ "Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace: some facts | Greenpeace USA". Greenpeace. http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and. Retrieved 2010-01-09. 
  34. ↑ Kingston, Jeff, "Whaling whoppers debunked", The Japan Times, April 25, 2010, p. 11.
  35. ↑ "National News Briefs; Whale Hunt Protesters Are Arrested by Police". The New York Times: p. 19. 1998-11-02. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/02/us/national-news-briefs-whale-hunt-protesters-are-arrested-by-police.html. Retrieved 2009-07-13. 
  36. ↑ Sheridan, Dick (1995-03-17). "Seal Fishermen Attack Group". NY Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/1995/03/17/1995-03-17_seal_fishermen_attack_group.html. Retrieved 2009-06-27. 
  37. ↑ "Seal defenders attacked". The New Zealand Herald. 2005-04-03. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10118434. Retrieved 2010-01-29. 
  38. ↑ "St-Pierre fishermen chase anti-sealing ship from harbour". CBC News. 2008-04-04. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=archive&ct=res&cd=1-0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fcanada%2Fnewfoundland-labrad%2520or%2Fstory%2F2008%2F04%2F04%2Fstpierre-watson.html%3Fref%3Drss&ei=edCES4qLGJruqgOByYyVBw&usg=AFQjCNHwJBMiJbD8FZdxDZaWJv5W3i2liA. Retrieved 2010-02-24. 
  39. ↑ "Japanese Whaling Advocates Gather in Tokyo". New Tang Dynasty Television. 2010-02-23. http://english.ntdtv.com/ntdtv_en/ns_asia/2010-02-23/189947704299.html. Retrieved 2010-02-24. 
  40. ↑ Preville, Philip (1997-06-05). "Live from jail". Montreal Mirror. http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/1997/060597/news1.html. Retrieved 2009-08-01. 
  41. ↑ Lacitis, Erik (1998-11-03). "Lead Stuntman In Anti-Whaling Drama Is One Seasoned Actor". The Seattle Times. http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19981103&slug=2781232. Retrieved 2009-08-01. 
  42. ↑ Strong, Geoff (2006-01-14). "Sophisticated media machine blows whalers out of the water". The Age (Melbourne). http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/sophisticated-media-machine-blows-whalers-out-of-the-water/2006/01/13/1137118970346.html. Retrieved 2009-08-01. 
  43. ↑ http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/bethune-gets-suspended-sentence-3632066
  44. ↑ Kyodo News, "Bethune writing book about activism", Japan Times, July 3, 2010.
  45. ↑ "International Incidents R Us". Whale Wars. Animal Planet. 2008-11-14. No. 3, season 1.
  46. ↑ Paul Watson. 1993. Earthforce! An Earth Warrior’s Guide to Strategy. La Caňada, CA: Chaco Press, p. 42.
  47. ↑ The Australian Accessed 090810
  48. ↑ Millar, Peter (2010-01-10). "Ady Gil downed by Japanese whalers". The Sunday Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article6982236.ece. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  49. ↑ "Modest Mouse "King Rat" Directed by Heath Ledger &#124". Wearethemasses.com. http://www.wearethemasses.com/features/modest-mouse-king-rat-directed-heath-ledger. Retrieved 2010-01-09. 
  50. ↑ "Heath Ledger's graphic animation". Associated Press. The Age. 2009-08-05. http://media.theage.com.au/entertainment/red-carpet/heath-ledgers-graphic-animation-665258.html. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  51. ↑ Bassett, Deborah. "Kelly Slater Teams Up With Sea Shepherd". Surfer magazine. http://surfermag.com/features/onlineexclusives/slater_joins_sea_shepherd/. Retrieved 2009-06-08. 
  52. ↑ "Artist to be hung on shark hooks". BBC News. 2008-09-03. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/7595410.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  53. ↑ "Shark protester hooked". The Sun. 2008-09-03. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article1643682.ece. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  54. ↑ "Federal Bureau of Investigation - Congressional Testimony". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2002-02-12. http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/jarboe021202.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-09. 
  55. ↑ "Commentary No. 74: Single Issue Terrorism". Canadian Security Intelligence Service. 2008-04-25. http://www.csis-scrs.gc.ca/pblctns/cmmntr/cm74-eng.asp. Retrieved 2010-01-09. 
  56. ↑ "Sealing activists bailed out with bag of toonies". CTV. 2008-04-14. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/print/CTVNews/20080413/farley_protest_080414/20080414/?hub=CanadaAM&subhub=PrintStory. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Darby, Andrew (2009-05-10). "Whale activist hits visa hurdle". The Age (Hobart). http://www.theage.com.au/national/whale-activist-hits-visa-hurdle-20091004-ghwm.html. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  58. ↑ The Tasmanian Greens (2009-02-21). "Greens Welcome Steve Irwin’s Safe Return to Hobart". Press release. http://tas.greens.org.au/News/view_MR.php?ActionID=3536. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  59. ↑ "Govt distances itself from AFP raid on Steve Irwin ship". Perth Now. 2009-02-21. http://www.news.com.au/perthnow/story/0,21598,25088213-948,00.html. Retrieved 2009-08-10. 
  60. ↑ Thomas, Pete (2009-10-05). "Whale wars saga begins with Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson under investigation". The Los Angeles Times, Outposts. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/outposts/2009/10/whale-wars.html. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  61. ↑ "Aust federal govt distances itself from raid". Australian Associated Press. Television New Zealand. 2009-02-22. http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/aust-federal-govt-distances-itself-raid-2498033. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  62. ↑ Clifford, Liam (2009-10-19). "Australian immigration denies delaying Sea Shepherd's visa - Immigration News". Global Visas. http://www.globalvisas.com/news/australian_immigration_denies_delaying_sea_shepherd_s_visa_1730.html. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  63. ↑ "Dalai Lama criticises anti-whaling protesters". London: AFP. 2010-06-19. http://www.france24.com/en/20100619-dalai-lama-criticises-anti-whaling-protesters. Retrieved 2010-06-19. 
  64. ↑ Sea Shepherd kom med norsk flagg - Norsk rikskringkasting AS, published 2010-01-08. (Norwegian)
  65. ↑ Stuart, Myiow (2009-02-13). "Five Nations Confederacy Flag Flying Proud on Earth’s Oceans". Mohawk Traditional Council. http://www.mohawktraditionalcouncil.org/documents/SSCSLet_2009_sig.doc. Retrieved 2009-09-21. 
  66. ↑ "Detained antiwhaling activist in good health: Okada". Kyodo News International. 19 February 2010. http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/3879821. Retrieved 22 February 2010. 
  67. ↑ Darby, Andrew (January 6, 2007). "Buccaneer a badge of honour for whaling opponent". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/buccaneer-a-badge-of-honour-for-whaling-opponent/2007/01/05/1167777279081.html. 
  68. ↑ "Dutch bill would hit Sea Shepherd". The Japan Times. 2010-02-06. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100206a6.html. Retrieved 2010-02-06. 
  69. ↑ "Sea Shepherd eyes new ship". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2009-04-08. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/04/18/2546449.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
  70. ↑ Darby, Andrew (2009-06-26). "'Spaceship' boosts anti-whaling force". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/environment/whale-watch/spaceship-boosts-antiwhaling-force-20090625-cy7v.html. Retrieved 2009-09-29. 
  71. ↑ Wotherspoon, Sarah (2007-12-05). "Protest ship renamed to honor Croc Hunter Steve Irwin". Herald Sun. http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22871246-2862,00.html. Retrieved 2009-07-14. 
  72. ↑ "Sea Shepherd vessel named in honor of Steve Irwin". Shipping Times. 2007-12-06. http://www.shippingtimes.co.uk/item998_steve_irwin.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-21. 
  73. ↑ "Rachel Maddow: Bob Barker on saving the whales". The Rachel Maddow Show. MSNBC. 2010-01-06.
  74. ↑ Violence Escalates in Southern Ocean Whaling Battle Environment News Service
  75. ↑ http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-100818-1.html

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